Perfuração coronária durante intervenção coronária percutânea: descrição de uma técnica de salvamento / Coronary perforation during percutaneous coronary intervention: description of a salvage technique

A perfuração de artéria coronária durante intervenção coronária percutânea é um evento incomum (0,43%), porém potencialmente grave e com elevado risco de tamponamento cardíaco e morte. Perfurações graves exigem implante de stent recoberto, muitas vezes indisponível. Descrevemos uma técnica alternativa e simples de tratamento, que pode ser realizada com uso de politetrafluoretileno de um balão amarrado sobre um stent coronário.

A coronary artery perforation during percutaneous coronary intervention is an uncommon (0.43%) but potentially severe event, with high risk of cardiac tamponade and death. Severe perforations require placing a covered stent, which is often unavailable. We describe an alternative and simple treatment technique, which can be performed using polytetrafluoroethylene from a balloon tied over a coronary stent.

Is Age Associated with Complications of Atrial Fibrillation Catheter Ablation?

Abstract Background Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most frequent arrhythmia, and its prevalence increases with age. The management of AF in the elderly is challenging, as it is normally associated with comorbidities and frailty. AF catheter ablation (CA) is a safe and superior alternative to antiarrhythmic drugs (AADs) for the maintenance of sinus rhythm. Objectives To evaluate the rate of complications associated with CA for AF across different age groups. Methods A retrospective analysis of 219 patients who underwent CA for AF between 2016 and 2020 were divided into 3 age groups: less than 60 years, 60 to 70 years, and > 70 years. All the included patients underwent radiofrequency ablation using an electroanatomic mapping system. Categorical variables were evaluated with chi-square and Fisher's test, and continuous variables were evaluated by Kruskal-Wallis and post-hoc Tamhane's T2. P values less than 0.05 were considered significant. Results We found an overall total complication rate of 4.6%. The total complication rate was 3.3% in patients < 60 years of age, 5.7% in patients between 60 and 70 years, and 5.2% in patients > 70 years (p = 0.742). No deaths occurred. Conclusion There was no significant difference in the AF CA-related complications when comparing the patients by age group.

Surgical Treatment of Chronic Giant Left Ventricular Pseudoaneurysm.

Left ventricle pseudoaneurysm is usually a severe complication of acute myocardial infarction, caused by rupture of the myocardial wall with pericardium bleeding. Mortality can reach 50 to 80% within a week if not properly treated. Hemodynamic instability, cardiac tamponade, and cardiac arrest are life-threatening presentations that require surgical treatment. We report a case of a man with a left ventricle chronic giant pseudoaneurysm and unspecific symptoms. After critical judgement on a heart team basis, surgical treatment was successfully performed, with a good long-term clinical outcome.

Safety analysis of sacubitril/valsartan in patients with heart failure in Vitória, Espírito Santo

Background: Sacubitril/valsartan has proven its efficacy to reduce cardiovascular mortality, all-cause mortality and sudden death in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF). Thus, it becomes important to evaluate the safety profile of the medication in clinical practice. Objectives: This study aimed to assess safety outcomes on the use of sacubitril/valsartan in patients with HFrEF attended in a Brazilian specialized service. Methods: Prospective observational study that included patients with HFrEF from a specialized ambulatory service, in functional class II-IV, initiated on sacubitril/valsartan as per clinical indication, with a four-month follow-up. Primary outcomes were the occurrence of symptomatic arterial hypotension, hyperkalemia and reduction of renal function. Serum potassium values, blood pressure and creatinine clearance were analyzed at inclusion and at the end of follow-up. A 5% significance level was considered for comparisons. Results: Twenty-six patients were analyzed, 57.7% male, mean age 57.8 ± 10 years, average left ventricle ejection fraction 29.9 ± 7.7%. Symptomatic hypotension occurred in 53.8%, hyperkalemia in 19.2% and reduction of renal function in 6.7%. There was significant difference from initial to final systolic (122 ± 24mmHg versus 109 ± 15mmHg; p=0.024) and diastolic (76 ± 18mmHg versus 66 ± 12mmHg; p=0.022) blood pressure, but no difference in serum potassium (4.8 ± 0.4mEq/L versus 5.0 ± 0.3mEq/L; p=0.07) and creatinine clearance (65 ± 23mL/min/1.73m² versus 66 ± 29mL/min/1.73m²; p=0.89). Conclusions: Symptomatic hypotension was the most frequent side-effect of sacubitril/valsartan. Reduction of blood pressure was observed at the end of follow-up, but no reduction of renal function or significant increase of serum potassium.

Insuficiência cardíaca na população geriátrica: dados de um registro unicêntrico / Heart failure in the older population: data from a single-center registry

OBJETIVO: Analisar o perfil e o seguimento clínico de pacientes com insuficiência cardíaca. MÉTODOS: Estudo prospectivo observacional de pacientes com insuficiência cardíaca, que comparou a população geriátrica (≥ 65 anos) com o restante da amostra (18 a 64 anos). Todos eram acompanhados ambulatorialmente em clínica especializada de um hospital-escola e foram incluídos consecutivamente entre abril e novembro de 2013, tendo sido acompanhados por 3 anos ou óbito. RESULTADOS: Da amostra total de 100 pacientes, 56% eram idosos. Na comparação entre idosos (média de 74±7 anos) e não idosos (média de 52±8 anos), houve diferença significativa quanto a peso corporal (72,6±16 kg vs. 80,8±19kg; p=0,02), índice de massa corporal (28,6±5,7kg/m2 vs. 32,6±5,9kg/m2; p=0,001), fibrilação atrial (35,7% vs. 11,3%; p=0,005) e doença renal crônica (28,5% vs. 13,6%; p=0,04). A prescrição de betabloqueadores e de inibidores da enzima conversora de angiotensina ou bloqueadores do receptor de angiotensina não diferiu entre os grupos, e nem os dados ecocardiográficos e a ocorrência de desfechos no seguimento clínico. CONCLUSÃO: Idosos foram a maioria dentre pacientes com insuficiência cardíaca e apresentaram maior prevalência de doença renal crônica e fibrilação atrial, além de menores peso e índice de massa corporal. Tais diferenças não resultaram em maior incidência de desfechos adversos na evolução de médio prazo. (AU)

OBJECTIVE: To assess the clinical profile and follow-up of patients with heart failure. METHODS: This is a prospective, observational study that compared the geriatric population (≥ 65 years old) with the remaining portion of the sample (18 to 64 years old). All of them were assisted in a specialized outpatient clinic of a university hospital, and were included consecutively from April to November 2013, being followed for three years or until death. RESULTS: From the sample of 100 patients, 56% were older people. In the comparison between older people (average 74 ± 7 years old) and non-older people (average 52 ± 8 years old), a significant difference was found for body weight (72.6 ± 16Kg vs. 80.8 ± 19Kg, p=0.02), body mass index (28.6 ± 5.7Kg/m2 vs. 32.6 ± 5.9 Kg/m2, p=0.001), atrial fibrillation (35.7% vs. 11.3%, p=0.005), and chronic kidney disease (28.5% vs. 13.6%, p=0.04). The prescription of beta-blockers and angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors, or angiotensin receptor blockers did not differ between the groups, neither did the echocardiographic values and the occurrence of outcomes at clinical follow-up. CONCLUSION: Older people were the majority among patients with heart failure, and presented a higher prevalence of chronic kidney disease and atrial fibrillation, and lower body weight and body mass index. Those differences did not result in greater incidence of adverse outcomes at mid-term follow-up. (AU)

Anthracycline-associated cardiotoxicity in adults: systematic review on the cardioprotective role of beta-blockers

SUMMARY OBJECTIVES This study aimed at assessing the role of beta-blockers on preventing anthracycline-induced cardiotoxicity in adults. METHODS A systematic review was performed on electronic databases, including relevant studies that analysed beta-blockers as cardioprotective agents before the use of anthracyclines by adult oncologic patients. RESULTS After application of eligibility and selection criteria, eight articles were considered as high quality, complying with the proposed theme; all eight clinical trials, four of them placebo-controlled, with a total number of 655 patients included. From this sample, 281 (42.9%) used beta-blocker as intervention, and carvedilol was the most frequent (167 patients - 25.5%). Six studies were considered positive regarding the cardioprotection role played by beta-blockers, although only four demonstrated significant difference on left ventricle ejection fraction after chemotherapy on groups that used beta-blockers compared to control groups. Carvedilol and nebivolol, but not metoprolol, had positive results regarding cardioprotection. Other beta-blockers were not analysed in the selected studies. CONCLUSIONS Despite the potential cardioprotective effect of beta-blockers, as demonstrated in small and unicentric clinical trials, its routine use on prevention of anthracycline-associated cardiotoxicity demands greater scientific evidence.

RESUMO OBJETIVO Este estudo teve como objetivo analisar o papel dos betabloqueadores na prevenção da cardiotoxicidade induzida pelas antraciclinas em adultos. MÉTODOS Foi realizada uma revisão sistemática em bases de dados eletrônicos, incluindo os estudos relevantes que analisaram fármacos betabloqueadores como agentes cardioprotetores antes do início do uso de antraciclinas por pacientes oncológicos adultos. RESULTADOS Após aplicação dos critérios de elegibilidade e seleção, foram obtidos oito artigos considerados de boa qualidade, que se adequavam à temática proposta, sendo todos ensaios clínicos, quatro placebo-controlados, totalizando 655 pacientes incluídos. Destes, 281 (42,9%) fizeram uso de algum betabloqueador como intervenção, sendo o carvedilol o mais utilizado (167 pacientes - 25,5%). Seis estudos foram considerados positivos quanto à cardioproteção exercida pelos betabloqueadores, porém apenas quatro demonstraram diferença na fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo após a quimioterapia nos grupos que usaram betabloqueadores em relação aos grupos controle. O carvedilol e o nebivolol, mas não o metoprolol, tiveram resultados positivos quanto à cardioproteção. Outros betabloqueadores não foram avaliados nos estudos incluídos. CONCLUSÕES Apesar de haver um potencial efeito cardioprotetor dos betabloqueadores, conforme demonstrado em ensaios clínicos pequenos e unicêntricos, sua utilização rotineira na prevenção da cardiotoxicidade associada às antraciclinas requer maiores comprovações científicas.

Anthracycline-associated cardiotoxicity in adults: systematic review on the cardioprotective role of beta-blockers.

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed at assessing the role of beta-blockers on preventing anthracycline-induced cardiotoxicity in adults. METHODS: A systematic review was performed on electronic databases, including relevant studies that analysed beta-blockers as cardioprotective agents before the use of anthracyclines by adult oncologic patients. RESULTS: After application of eligibility and selection criteria, eight articles were considered as high quality, complying with the proposed theme; all eight clinical trials, four of them placebo-controlled, with a total number of 655 patients included. From this sample, 281 (42.9%) used beta-blocker as intervention, and carvedilol was the most frequent (167 patients - 25.5%). Six studies were considered positive regarding the cardioprotection role played by beta-blockers, although only four demonstrated significant difference on left ventricle ejection fraction after chemotherapy on groups that used beta-blockers compared to control groups. Carvedilol and nebivolol, but not metoprolol, had positive results regarding cardioprotection. Other beta-blockers were not analysed in the selected studies. CONCLUSIONS: Despite the potential cardioprotective effect of beta-blockers, as demonstrated in small and unicentric clinical trials, its routine use on prevention of anthracycline-associated cardiotoxicity demands greater scientific evidence.

Acompanhamento de Gestante Portadora de Síndrome de Marfan com Tubo Valvado Metálico Aórtico / Management of Pregnant Woman with Marfan Syndrome and Mechanical Aortic Valved Conduit

Relata-se o acompanhamento de paciente gestante, 29 anos, primigesta, portadora da Síndrome de Marfan e tubo valvado metálico aórtico encaminhada ao cardiologista com sete semanas de gestação.Ao ecodopplercardiograma apresentava diâmetro da raiz da aorta de 35 mm, tubo valvado e prótese aórtica metálica normofuncionante. Realizou acompanhamento cardiológico especializado desde então. Na 38a semana de gestação foi submetida ao parto cesariana com anestesia geral, profilaxia de endocardite infecciosa, monitorização cardíaca no centro cirúrgico e pós-operatório na unidade coronariana por 24 horas. Os períodos gestacional e puerpério transcorreram sem eventos hemorrágicos. O acompanhamento clínico e obstétrico de gestantes com Síndrome de Marfan é desafiador, e a condição de prótese valvar mecânica previamente implantada aumenta o risco destas paciente

Impacto da clínica de insuficiência cardíaca no teste de caminhada de seis minutos / Impact of heart failure clinic on six-minute walk test

Fundamentos: O teste de caminhada de seis minutos (TC6M) é de fácil aplicação e baixo custo, utilizado paraavaliar objetivamente o grau de limitação funcional e prognóstico da insuficiência cardíaca (IC).Objetivo: Avaliar os TC6M de indivíduos com IC recém-diagnosticada, realizados na consulta admissional e apósseis meses, analisando a diferença mínima importante (Minimal important difference - MID) entre os dois testes.Métodos: Estudo tipo coorte histórico. O primeiro TC6M foi avaliado em pacientes com IC sistólica referenciadosà Clínica de IC entre julho de 2012 e outubro de 2014 e o segundo TC6M após seis meses. O grupo que atingiu adistância MID no segundo teste foi comparado com o que não a atingiu. Delta-distância e necessidade dehospitalizações foram avaliados conforme adesão ao tratamento, classe funcional (CF) da New York Heart Associationna primeira consulta e grau de disfunção ventricular esquerda.Resultados: A diferença de distância percorrida entre os TC6M foi 48,79 m na população estudada, e distânciaMID calculada de 49 m. Trinta pacientes (58,8%) apresentaram delta-distância menor que a MID, com média deidade maior que o outro grupo (p=0,01). A média do delta-distância foi significativamente maior nos pacientesaderentes ao tratamento e nos que estavam em CF III na primeira consulta.Conclusão: Houve aumento geral da distância média percorrida do primeiro para o segundo TC6M nos pacientescom IC, porém menos da metade dos pacientes obteve incremento significativo.

Background: The six-minute walk test (6MWT) is an easy-to-use low-cost test that is employed to objectively evaluate the degreeof functional limitation and the prognosis of heart failure (HF).Objective: To evaluate the 6MWT of individuals with newly diagnosed HF, performed on admission and after six months, analyzingthe minimal important difference — MID between the two tests.Methods: Historical cohort study. The first 6MWT was evaluated in patients with systolic HF referred to the HF clinic from July2012 to October 2014 and the second 6MWT after six months. The group that reached the MID distance in the second test wascompared to the group that did not reach it. Delta-distance and need for hospitalizations were assessed as adherence to treatment,functional class (FC) of the New York Heart Association at the first visit and degree of left ventricular dysfunction.Results: The difference in the distance covered between the 6MWT was 48.79 m in the study population and the MID distancecalculated was 49 m. Thirty patients (58.8%) had lower delta-distance than the MID distance, with an average age higher than theother group (p=0.01). The average delta-distance was significantly higher in patients adhering to treatment and in those who werein FC III at the first visit.Conclusion: There was general increase in the average distance covered from the first to the second 6MWT in patients with HF,but less than half of patients achieved significant incremente.

Study on Lifestyles and Stress Levels in Medicine Student / Estudo sobre Estilos de Vida e Níveis de Estresse em Estudantes de Medicina

Estilos de vida pouco saudáveis são fatores de risco preveníveis para doenças crônicas. Intervir sobre eles constitui estratégia fundamental de saúde preventiva. Objetivo: Avaliar o estilo de vida, os níveis de estresse, as doenças e os fatores de risco cardiovascular de estudantes de medicina. Métodos: Estudo transversal, observacional, com alunos de uma escola de medicina estratificados em: Grupo 1(G1) - do 1º ao 4º período do curso, Grupo 2 (G2) - do 5º ao 8º e Grupo 3 (G3) - do 9º ao 12º. Foram aplicados dois questionários: Estilo de vida Fantástico e outro relacionado a níveis de estresse, doenças e fatores de risco cardiovascular. Resultados: Foram avaliados 482 estudantes, média de idade 21,7±2,7 anos. A pontuação média no questionário Estilo de vida Fantástico classificou o G1 e o G3 em Muito bom (72,1 e 71,3 pontos, respectivamente) e o G2 em Bom (69,2 pontos) (p=0,007). Quanto aos níveis de estresse, responderam Alto ou Muito Alto 22,3% no G1, 34,9%no G2 e 30,7% no G3 (p=0,008). As doenças mais prevalentes foram dislipidemia (7,4%), hipertensão arterial (2,6%)e transtorno depressivo (2,2%). Conclusões: Houve piora considerável do estilo de vida e dos níveis de estresse a partir do 5º período, com melhora parcial nos dois últimos anos do curso. Observou-se expressiva prevalência de dislipidemia, hipertensão e transtorno depressivo...

Unhealthy lifestyles are preventable risk factors for chronic diseases. Intervening on them is a fundamental strategy of preventive health. Objective: To evaluate lifestyle, stress levels, diseases and cardiovascular risk factors of medical students. Methods: Cross-sectional, observational study with students from a medical school stratified into: Group 1 (G1) - from the 1st to the 4th period of the course, Group 2 (G2) - from the 5th to the 8th and Group 3 (G3) - from the 9th to the 12th. Two questionnaires were given: Fantastic Lifestyle and another one related to stress levels, diseases and cardiovascular risk factors. Results: The study included 482 students, average age 21.7±2.7 years. The average score on the Fantastic Lifestyle questionnaire ranked G1 and G3 at Very good (72.1 and 71.3 points, respectively) and G2 in Good (69.2 points) (p=0.007). As for the stress levels, they responded High or Very High 22.3% in G1, 34.9% in G2 and 30.7% in G3 (p=0.008). The most prevalent diseases were dyslipidemia (7.4%), hypertension (2.6%) and depressive disorder (2.2%). Conclusions: There was considerable worsening of lifestyle and stress levels from the 5th period, with partial improvement in the last two years of the course. There was a significant prevalence of dyslipidemia, hypertension and depressive disorder...

Análise da qualidade de vida em homens e mulheres portadores de insuficiência cardíaca / Quality of life analysis among men and women with heart failure

Fundamentos: A insuficiência cardíaca (IC) é capaz de exercer grande impacto sobre a qualidade de vida (QV), e as diferenças na QV de homens e mulheres portadores de IC são pouco conhecidas. O Minnesota Living with Heart Failure Questionnaire (MLHFQ) é uma ferramenta que avalia a QV dos portadores de IC. Objetivo: Avaliar a QV de pacientes com IC, comparando os sexos masculino e feminino. Métodos: Estudo unicêntrico transversal e descritivo, no qual se aplicou o MLHFQ a pacientes com IC com fração de ejeção reduzida, acompanhados na clínica de IC de hospital universitário entre outubro 2012 e março 2013. Foram analisados os resultados do MLHFQ dos pacientes incluídos comparando-os por sexo. Resultados: Foram incluídos 74 pacientes: sexo masculino (n=42; 56,8 %) e sexo feminino (n=32; 43,2 %). Comparando-se os dois grupos, não houve diferença nas características clínicas e nas medicações utilizadas. No grupo masculino ocorreram 0,27 internações/paciente/ano vs. 0,17 internações/paciente/ano no grupo feminino (p=0,32). O escore médio obtido pelo MLHFQ foi 35,6±18,9 para homens e 47,8±24, para mulheres (p=0,02). Conclusão: Apesar do menor número de internações hospitalares, observou-se pior QV em pacientes com IC do sexo feminino em comparação ao masculino.

Background: Heart failure (HF) can severely impact the quality of life (QOL), and little is known about QOL and differences between men and women with HF. The Minnesota Living with Heart Failure Questionnaire (MLHFQ) is tool that assesses the QOL of HF patients. Objective: To assess the QOL of HF patients, comparing men and women. Methods: A single-center transversal descriptive study applying the MLHFQ to HF patients with reduced ejection fraction monitored at the HF Clinic of a University Hospital between October 2012 and March 2013. The MLHFQ findings were analyzed for these patients and compared by gender. Results: This study encompassed 74 patients: male (n=42; 56.8%) and female (n=32; 43.2%). A comparison of these two groups revealed no differences in their clinical characteristics and medications. The male group presented 0.27 hospitalizations/patient/year vs. 0.17 hospitalizations/patient/year in the female group (p=0.32). The average MLHFQ score was 35.6±18.9 for men and 47.8±24.0 for women (p=0.02). Conclusions: Despite fewer hospitalizations, a poorer QOL was noted among female HF patients, compared to the male group.